Landscape and Socio-Demographic Drivers of Malaria Transmission in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Ronald Imanuel Ottay; Jeini Ester Nelwan; Fona Dwiana Hermina Budiarso; Oksfriani Jufri Sumampouw

doi:10.59890/ijnhs.v4i1.146

Authors

Ronald Imanuel Ottay Sam Ratulangi University, Manado
Jeini Ester Nelwan Sam Ratulangi University, Manado
Fona Dwiana Hermina Budiarso Sam Ratulangi University, Manado
Oksfriani Jufri Sumampouw Sam Ratulangi University, Manado

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59890/ijnhs.v4i1.146

Keywords:

Malaria, Spatial Distribution, GIS, Hotspots, Bitung City, Risk Factors

Abstract

Malaria remains a public health problem in Indonesia, with a heterogeneous spatial distribution. Bitung City, as an endemic area with coastal and hilly geographical characteristics, shows fluctuations in cases that require in-depth analysis for effective control. This study aims to analyze the spatial-temporal distribution of malaria cases and identify risk factors that contribute to the incidence of malaria in Bitung City. This spatial ecology study uses secondary data on all confirmed malaria cases in Bitung City for the 2021-2023 period (n=379). The data was analyzed descriptively and spatially using the Geographic Information System (GIS) to map the distribution of cases, calculate the Annual Parasite Incidence (API), and overlay with maps of altitude and population density.There was a peak of cases in 2022 (212 cases) with a temporal pattern of three peaks in a year (March-April, July-August, November). As many as 58% of sufferers are men. Spatial analysis identified two sub-districts as epicenters or hotspots, namely South Lembeh (API 15.4‰) and Maesa (API 3.74‰), which accounted for nearly 80% of the total cases. This hotspot area is characterized by a combination of geographical factors such as the highlands (South Lembeh) and high population density with a potential mosquito breeding environment (Maesa). The distribution of malaria in Bitung City is clustered and is strongly influenced by location-specific environmental factors. Hotspot-focused control interventions in South Lembeh and Maesa Districts, such as environmental management and strengthening vector surveillance, are needed to effectively suppress malaria transmission

References

Achmadi U.F. (2012). Dasar-Dasar Penyakit Berbasis Lingkungan. Penerbit Rajawali Press. Jakarta. Cetakan I

Asnifatima, A. (2017). POLA KECENDERUNGAN SPASIAL KEJADIAN MALARIA (STUDI KASUS; DI KABUPATEN KEPULAUAN SELAYAR TAHUN 2011- 2013). HEARTY: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat, 5(1).

Badan Pusat Statistik Prov Sulawesi Utara. 2021. Kasus Penyakit Menurut Kab/Kota dan Jenis Penyakit di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara 2020-2021.

Barcus, M. J., Laihad, F., Sururi, M., Sismadi, P., Marwoto, H., Bangs, M. J., & Baird, J. K. (2002). Epidemic malaria in the Menoreh hills of Central Java.

Dhaniasri, D., Rejeki, D. S. S., & Raharjo, S. (2020). Analisis spasial kasus malaria di Kabupaten Banyumas Tahun 2009-2018. BALABA: JURNAL LITBANG PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT BERSUMBER BINATANG BANJARNEGARA, 169-180.

Fitriani, D., & Raharjo, M. (2022). Faktor Risiko Perilaku dan Bitting Activity Anopheles sp. Dengan Kejadian Malaria di Indonesia: Literature Review. Sanitasi: Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 15(1), 11-19.

Hasan, Novan Phasa. 2023. Analisis Spasial Kasus Malaria di Kecamatan Padang Cermin Kabupaten Pesawaran Provinsi Lampung Tahun 2019-2021. Skripsi. FKIP. Lampung: Universitas Lampung

Ichsan, I. (2017). Gambaran faktor lingkungan fisik wilayah kerawanan malaria di kabupaten buol. Journal of Information Systems for Public Health, 3(1), 48-54.

Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Laporan kinerja tahun 2019. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2020

Lestari EW, Sukowati S, Soekidjo, Ra W. (2007). Vektor Malaria Di Daerah Bukit Menoreh, Purworejo, Jawa Tengah. Media Litbang Kesehat. 2007;XVII:30-35. http://ejournal.litbang.depkes.go.id/index.ph p/MP K/article/view/805/1674.

Nur, N. H., & Mira, M. (2020). Faktor–faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian malaria di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Wandai Distrik Wandai Kabupaten Intan Jaya Papua. Jurnal Promotif Preventif, 2(2), 1-7.

Ottay, R. I., Sapulete, I. M., Rosalinda, M., Sapulete, O. J. S., & Nelwan, J. E. (2024). Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in North Minahasa Regency in 2021-2022: Study Epidemiological.

Rejeki, D. S. S., Fuad, A., Widartono, B. S., Murhandarwati, E. E. H., & Kusnanto, H. (2019). Spatiotemporal patterns of malaria at cross-boundaries area in Menoreh Hills, Java, Indonesia. Malaria Journal, 18, 1-12.

Rejeki, D. S. S., Murhandarwati, E. H., & Kusnanto, H. (2018). Analisis Spasial Malaria di Ekosistem Perbukitan Menoreh: Studi Kasus Malaria Bulan September-Desember 2015. Kes Mas, 12(2), 120-132

Rohmani et al. 2022. Pencegahan dan Penanganan Malaria. Jawa Tengah: Wawasan Ilmu

Rosas-Aguirre, A., Ponce, O. J., CarrascoEscobar, G., Speybroeck, N., ContrerasMancilla, J., Gamboa, D., ... & Llanos-Cuentas, A. (2015). Plasmodium vivax malaria at households: spatial clustering and risk factors in a low endemicity urban area of the northwestern Peruvian coast. Malaria Journal, 14(1), 1-11.

Sri, D. S. S. R. S., Sari, R. A., & Nurhayati, N. (2014). Annual parasite incidence malaria di Kabupaten Banyumas. Kesmas: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat Nasional (National Public Health Journal), 9(2), 137-143.

Sulistyawati, S. (2012). Statistik Spasial Kepadatan Penduduk terhadap Kejadian Malaria di Kabupaten Purworejo dengan Menggunakan Gis. Kes Mas: Jurnal Fakultas Kesehatan Masyarakat Universitas Ahmad Daulan, 6(2), 24947.

Sumampouw, O. J. (2020). Epidemiologi Demam Berdarah Dengue di Kabupaten Minahasa Sulawesi Utara. Sam Ratulangi Journal of Public Health, 1(1), 001. https://doi.org/10.35801/srjoph.v1i1.27272. (Diakses 11 November 2021).

Suryaningtyas, N. H., Salim, M., & Margarethy, I. (2019). Analisis data spasial malaria di kabupaten kulon progo Tahun 2017. Spirakel, 11(2), 63-71.

Sutarto, S. T. T. (2017). Faktor lingkungan, perilaku dan penyakit malaria. AGROMEDICINE UNILA, 4(1), 173-184.

Suwarja, S., Jasman, J., & Mailangkay, M. W. (2012). Faktor-faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Kejadian Penyakit Malaria di Kelurahan Girian Indah Kecamatan Girian Kota Bitung. Jurnal Kesehatan Lingkungan, 2(1), 161-166.

Suwito, S. (2010). Distribusi Spasial dan Bioekologi Anopheles spp. di Lampung Selatan dan Pesawaran, Provinsi Lampung. Indonesian Journal of Health Ecology, 9(3), 1290-1301.

Teurlai, M., Eug, C., Cavarero, V., & Degallier, N. (2015). Socio-economic and Climate Factors Associated with Dengue Fever Spatial Heterogeneity: A Worked Example in New Caledonia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(e12): 1–31.

Tompkins, A. M., & Ermert, V. (2013). A regional-scale, high resolution dynamical malaria model that accounts for population density, climate and surface hydrology. Malaria journal, 12, 1-24.