Ambient Air Quality (No₂) in Traditional Markets: Compliance With National Quality Standards Versus Health Risks Based on World Health Organization Guidelines

Niken Mutiara Dotulung; Oksfriani Jufri Suamampouw; Ricky C Sondakh

doi:10.59890/ijnhs.v3i4.122

Authors

Niken Mutiara Dotulung Universitas Sam Ratulangi,
Oksfriani Jufri Suamampouw Sam Ratulangi University
Ricky C Sondakh Sam Ratulangi University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.59890/ijnhs.v3i4.122

Keywords:

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂), Air Quality, Traditional Market, Environmental Health, Chronic Exposure

Abstract

Ambient air quality, particularly the Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂) parameter, is a crucial determinant of environmental health, especially in areas with high activity, such as traditional markets. Bersehati Market in Manado City, which is located in the city center and close to busy traffic routes, has a high potential for pollutant accumulation from motor vehicle emissions. Chronic exposure to NO₂, even at low concentrations, has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. This study aims to measure ambient air quality based on the NO₂ parameter and analyze its potential health risk for vendors at Bersehati Market. This study used a descriptive observational design. Air sampling was conducted purposively at three points (front, middle, and rear parking areas) representing variations in vehicle activity. Measurements of NO₂ concentration and meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed) were carried out three times a day (morning, noon, evening) for 1 hour per session, referring to the Indonesian Ministry of Health Regulation No. 2 of 2023. The collected data were analyzed descriptively by comparing the measurement results with national quality standards and WHO guidelines, and their correlation with meteorological conditions was examined. NO₂ concentrations at Bersehati Market ranged from 4–31 µg/m³ with an average of 27.33 µg/m³. All of these values are still below the national Threshold Limit Value (TLV) (200 µg/m³). However, the average concentration has already exceeded more than twice the WHO annual limit (10 µg/m³). Variations in concentration are significantly influenced by wind speed, with the highest level (31 µg/m³) recorded at the front parking area in the afternoon when wind speed was very low (0.3 m/s), indicating a pollutant stagnation phenomenon. Legally, the ambient air quality at Bersehati Market based on NO₂ parameters is considered safe as it meets the national quality standards. However, from a public health perspective, long-term exposure to NO₂ concentrations exceeding WHO guidelines, experienced by vendors with an average working duration of 13.9 years, has the potential to pose chronic health risks. Mitigation measures are needed, such as optimizing air circulation in vulnerable areas, promoting the use of masks, and conducting regular monitoring to protect the health of this vulnerable group

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